The Sociological Perspective Of Sociology - 963 Words

After a careful study and a deeper research on an introduction to sociology, I have come to understand that no problem can be solved well enough if one does not have the sociological perspective which is defined as a way of looking at the world through a sociological lens. In fact, there is the need of the lens that will help one to view situations and have the eye to emerge through different views to solve that problem. This mirror has become a doorway that will help one to have a beginner’s mind to approach problems. WHAT IS BEGINNER’S MIND It is exactly the opposite of an expert mind which is so filled with facts, projection, assumptions, opinions and explanations that cannot learn anything new (McGreen 1994).Beginner’s mind is approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way. FERRIS, KERRY. THE REAL WORLD. Ed. JILL STEIN. 4th ed. N.p.: W.W. Norton, 2011. N.p. Print. It is never a way of seeing a new thing, but rather a new way of seeing things. There is another trend that can help one to possess the lens in order to solve problems and that is called the cultural shock, it s defined as a sense of disorientation that occurs when you enter a radically new social or cultural environment. As you develop these two keys, there is the probability of one imagines through things and bringing up a solution to a problem.With a careful study of the concept of sociology, I have come to understand how people can solve problems by considering two veryShow MoreRelatedSociology : A Sociological Pe rspective1292 Words   |  6 PagesOrigins of Sociology Ashley Drees Ivy Tech Community College Professor Brosmer April 10,2016 What is Sociology Sociology  is the  study of  social behavior or society, including its origins, development, organization, networks, and institutions. Sociology is a social science that uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order, disorder, and change. Three Main Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology Functional Perspective ConflictRead MoreThe Sociological Perspective Of Sociology874 Words   |  4 PagesThe Sociological Perspective Sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior. Human behavior and each respective society that is studied can be evaluated and governed by the scientific method to produce reliable results. The inquiries into these subjects are derived by the inspirations of sociological perspectives. Each stratifying field of Sociology finds an anchor in the relationships between these pieces in the human context in which they are found. Navigating the water inRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective896 Words   |  4 PagesCarolina, â€Å"Sociology is the study of human social relationships and institutions† (http://sociology.unc.edu/undergraduate-program/sociology-major/what-is-sociology/). Sociology is science practiced by everyone in the world, whether they realize it or not. It is not only an incredibly important social science but also a beautiful art to study how society works. Now, an educated sociologist will realize that there are different perspective to view the world through from a sociological perspective. ThereRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective1053 Words   |  5 PagesSociology is the study of society and social lives and forces that influence people and shape the construction of society their lives. It also gives us an awareness of cultural difference that allows us to see the social world from many perspectives. (Sutton 2013). Sociology perspectives are overview of hu man behaviour and its connection to society as a whole. A sociological theory is a set of ideas explain how society or aspects of society work and there are many variations of the basic theoriesRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives On Sociology And Sociological Perspectives1357 Words   |  6 PagesTheoretical Perspectives in Sociology In the world of sociology there are many different ways that humans interact with the world. Although we are all human beings, we do not always see the world the same way that others do. Even though not many are aware of the different ways they can see the world, there are three sociological perspectives. Using structural functionalism, the conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism one will be able to decide which view best represents the way they see thisRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective2031 Words   |  9 PagesSociology refers to the study of a society’s structure, development, collective behaviors, and functions, which delves into examining social institutions and social relations. Sociology may also be termed as â€Å"a scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups,† (Andersen Taylor, 2007, p. 2). Society, on the other hand, refers to people who share norms, traditions, values, and laws as well as live together as an organized community. Sociology is important in understandingRead MoreTheoretical Frameworks Of Sociology And Sociological Perspective Essay918 Words   |  4 Pages What does Sociology have to do with me? Why do people think or act differently than you? Why are some people rich while others are poor? Why do some commit crimes, break laws and others do not? These are all some of the questions students need an answer to, which led them to enrol to this course. â€Å"Sociology is the scientific study of individuals in groups, organizations, cultures and societies; and of the interrelationships of individuals, group, organizations, cultures and societies.† (KennedyRead MoreSocial Deviance : A Sociological Perspective On Deviant And Criminal Behavior Within Sociology1160 Words   |  5 Pagessocieties with norms. Sociological theories of deviance are those that use social context and social pressures to explain deviance. You’ll find these in your readings for this week . Think of the diagram for a functionalist approach to deviance: Great post! You did a nice job defining deviance as a whole. A theory closely associated with this term is labeling theory. Labeling theory is one of the most important approaches to understanding deviant and criminal behavior within sociology. Labeling theoryRead MoreEssay on The Sociological Imagination1389 Words   |  6 PagesMy personal condensed definition of â€Å"the sociological imagination† is that it is the idea one should be aware of the societal structures around themselves, and how those structures can influence a person and vice-versa. In addition, I think that having a â€Å"sociological imagination† also involves a deep appreciation for the importance of society and culture. Consequently, for a person that has completed a basic introduction to sociology college course and actually paid attention, I would hope thatRead MoreWhat Is Sociology?1062 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is sociology? We can start by saying that sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology should be more than you find in a good documentary on a social issue. It is certainly more than listings of facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the social. Seeing the general in the particular. In his short book ‘Invitation to Sociology’(1963) characterized the sociological perspective as seeing the general

Essay on Accounting Interest and Bond - 8255 Words

Part 3 Valuation of Securities Chapters in this Part Chapter 6 Interest Rates and Bond Valuation Chapter 7 Stock Valuation Integrative Case 3: Encore International  © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Chapter 6 Interest Rates and Bond Valuation ï  ® Instructor’s Resources Overview This chapter begins with a thorough discussion of interest rates, yield curves, and their relationship to required returns. Features of the major types of bond issues are presented along with their legal issues, risk characteristics, and indenture convents. The chapter then introduces students to the important concept of valuation and demonstrates the impact of cash flows, timing, and risk on value. It explains†¦show more content†¦We are informed that $383 billion is the 2009 interest expense and that the national debt was about $12 trillion in 2009 (i.e., $13 trillion less more than $1 trillion accrued in 2009). Division of the interest payment by the total debt results in an interest rate of 3.19 percent (i.e., $383 billion à · $12 trillion). Assuming the Treasuries are priced at par, one ends up with $31.90 per thousand being the annual payment needed to result in Treasuries being priced at par. If interest rates rise by 1% to 4.19 percent, the price of the federal debt would fall to $955.71, as computed below. N = 5, I = 4.19, PMT = 31.9, and FV = $1,000 Solve for PV = $955.71 The drop in Treasury values would be about 4.4 percent. This would decrease the size of the federal debt by $572 billion (0.044 Ãâ€" $13 trillion). Hence, if one considers the size of the current federal budget deficit in isolation, there is an incentive for the government to pursue policies which will lead to higher inflation. However, higher prices will lead to higher future costs for goods and services purchased by the government and an increase in the cost of entitlements, making proper use of interest rates to properly manage the federal budget difficult, complicated, and, alas, political. ï  ® Answers to Review Questions 1. The real rate of interest is the rate that creates an equilibrium between the supply of savings and demand for investment funds. The nominalShow MoreRelatedAccounting: Questions and Answers930 Words   |  4 Pagesapplying the following accounting principles: preparing necessary journal entries to record the issuance of bonds; the periodic interest; amortization of bond premiums and discounts; calculate depreciation and amortization expense using various methods...and give an example for each. preparing necessary journal entries to record the issuance of bonds. The journal entries are crucial in order to trace the issuance of the bonds. Any corporation that is preparing to issue or sell a bond to investors willRead MoreAccounting Standards Codification ( Asc )1584 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 470-20-25-10 defines convertible bonds as debt securities which are convertible into common stock of the issuer or an affiliated company at a specified price at the option of the holder,† (Schulman, 2014). Convertible bonds Under APB Opinion No. 14 you are allowed to ignore the conversion and treat the convertible bonds as a straight debt. â€Å"This approach is defended on the basis that the bond and conversion option are not separable. Thus the conversion featureRead MoreQuestions On Possible Investments For Consideration1368 Words   |  6 Pagesto Henderson and Co. A Bond security is commonly purchased for its relative safety, and here I summarize for you the different categories. A Government Bond is issued by the US federal government, the most common being the US Treasury bond. Because bonds are loans to the issuing entity, government bonds help finance the national debt. Government bonds have very low investment risk and are virtually risk-free since they are guaranteed by the US government. A corporate bond is a loan to the companyRead MoreAccounting For Proceeds From The Issuance Of Convertible Bonds And Of Debt Instruments With Separate Warrants1311 Words   |  6 Pages1.The differences in accounting for proceeds from the issuance of convertible bonds and of debt instruments with separate warrants to purchase common stock. Convertible debts are long-term securities which can be converted into issuer s stock options at a specified conversion ratio, if the debt-holder wants to exercise them. Convertibles include bonds and preferred shares, but most commonly take the form of bonds. Convertible bonds are a type of compound financial instrument with characteristicsRead MoreRestructuring Debt1323 Words   |  6 Pagescash flow is minimal. To name a few types of long term debt: bonds payable, notes payable, mortgages payable, pension liabilities, and lease liabilities. This assignment will define basic terms such as long-term debt, bonds, mortgage, and capital leases. In addition answer questions in reference to the ABC Company journal entries, postretirement and note disclosure. A bond arises from a contract known as a bond indenture. A bond is a form of a long term promissory note that is regulated underRead MoreThe Value Of Fair Value938 Words   |  4 Pagesallows business entities to use fair value to measure specific financial assets and financial liabilities in accordance with their own needs and in the initial and subsequent measurement. FASC 825-10-25 One of the main advantages of fair value accounting is that it provides a basis for reporting financial information on a company to provide users with accurate valuation of assets and liabilities. When the assets or liabilities of the price rising or are expected to increase, the company will beRead MoreInvestment Accounting Is The Recording And Management Of Financial Instruments Such As Stocks1151 Words   |  5 PagesInvestment Accounting Investment accounting is the recording and management of financial instruments such as stocks (equity) and bonds (debt). Why Invest? Investors make investments to have them appreciate in market value, earn income from interest and dividends, or to have influence or control of another company. Basic Journal Entry (j/e): Debit (DR) Investment $cost, including commissions Credit (CR) Cash $Cost, including commissions. The methods of accounting for investments, depends on the intendedRead MoreAccounts Receivable and Correct Marks1036 Words   |  5 Pages1 Marks: 5 Which of the following events involves an accrual? Choose one answer. | a. Recording interest that has been earned but not received | | | b. Recording supplies that have been purchased with cash but not yet used. | | | c. Recording revenue that has been earned but not yet collected in cash. | | | d. A. and C. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 2 Marks: 5 Which resource provider typically receives first priority when resources are dividedRead MoreResturcturing Debt Data976 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the different types of debt regarding debt restructuring is imperative. The manager of this company has requested an explanation of the above regarding bonds payable, notes payable, and capital leases. This paper should satisfy any questions about these topics. Long-Term Liabilities Included are several types of long-term liabilities; bonds payable, notes payable, and capital leases. Each of these types of debts have some similarities and some differences regarding the reporting and disclosureRead MoreAcc 545 Restructuring Debt1376 Words   |  6 Pagesits recent financial troubles. Even though the company is in the process of reorganizing one believes this information will help a company in reporting the restructuring of debt. One will provide information on the requirements of reporting debt on bonds, notes, and capital leases. In performing this one will also provide the journal entries one would need to record to restructure the company’s debt along with a comparison of the debt for the company’s current reporting. One will also provide valuable

Aldi Case free essay sample

Individual Action points included in the presentation8 Appendix8 Executive Report Group 9 was assigned with the Aldi case study for the Marketing Management assessment. I was assigned with the role of Group Leader by the members and also trusted with the work for the PowerPoint presentation slides as I stated that I have the proper knowledge. The role of the leader was taken seriously and I starting setting the meeting conditions and proposed and delegated the individual research subjects related to our group case study. The individual research I undertook for the Aldi case study was the defining the Lean concept and detail research of the Continuous Improvement concept. As a group leader I took the decision that all the individual pieces of research to be presented inside the group for all to acknowledge the management concepts used into making the company run lean processes and getting customer satisfaction. Personally I designed the slides and the structure, which was later slightly modified by John Vincent’s proposal. A simple product line has allowed Aldi to be very profitable. Focusing on one genre of products to sell, Aldi can increase the quality of those products. The company does not spread itself out too thin and strives on brining the lowest best quality product to the shelves. )Why have they been so successful over the years? This should be from a consumer perspective. Different from #1 which is from the company perspective. What is the compelling consumer need or perception that they fill in the marketplace. How do they compare to our biggest discounter in food, Walmart? I believe Aldi has become so successful over the years because the company strives on simplicity. Employees of Aldi understand consumer behavior very well. They know consumers are lazy and want to be in and out of stores in the quickest time possible. Therefore, Aldi management has created a shopping experience meant for the â€Å"in and out shopper† which has seen great positive affects. To be the most efficient store, Aldi’s â€Å"do not accept checks or credit cards. There is no butcher or bakery, and fruit is sold in bags to speed checkout. † Compared to Walmart, a store that offers a far less enjoyable consumer experience, Aldi strives to be different. Unlike Aldi’s, Walmart stores can sometimes be intimidating to consumers because of the vast array of product offerings. Consumers find shopping at Walmart to be difficult because there is not a lot of help and that the store is just too large. Aldi’s on the other hand, creates a much more consumer friendly atmosphere by offering only food and household items. Also when you walk into an Aldi store, you are immediately in a shopping aisle. The store is designed so consumers need to walk through every aisle creating more chances of incidental exposure. Aldi stores are not designed to look pretty. The only purpose they offer to consumers is to help them find products that they need. 3)After visiting our local Aldi’s store, why do you think this global powerhouse may struggle to do well in the US? What was your initial impression of the store? Who shops there? After visiting the store, I believe this global powerhouse may struggle in the US because the inside of the store is not very conducive to providing a great shopping experience. The aisles are messy and the products look as if they were pulled out from the back of a truck. The store is dimly lit and seems almost dirty. When I walked into the store, I was originally taken back because I had a mindset that it was going to be very nice. However, I was wrong. I did not enjoy my surroundings and I did not believe that Aldi focuses on the high quality portion of their mission, but only the low cost. Also, the customers that Aldi attracts are lower class individuals. These people shop in bulk and are attracted to the store because of the low prices. They do not care about the sloppiness of the displays just that they can get the lowest price. 4)Knowing what you do about assortment, what part of the ROA equation do you think they maximize? Explain. I believe Aldi maximizes the total assets part of the formula. Because the company strives on stocking it shelves with a limited number of products, their total assets are relatively low. This creates a higher ROA. Aldi has done a very good job at maximizing sales while controlling expenses. The higher the income and lower the total assets shows how well Aldi is producing earnings from its assets. 5)Now, talk to someone that has shopped at a Trader Joe’s, also owned by Aldi. Why do you think this similar strategy with a completely different execution (in store look and feel) might be more successful here in the US. Look at their US locations for Trader Joe’s. How can they continue to have limited assortment and yet cater to a more affluent target than Aldi’s stores? Based on the article you read, why do you think Trader Joes and Aldi’s are so secretive about their business? Many US businesses see it as PR if they are covered in the press, these entities feel this is unnecessary. What would you do if the head of marketing for the parent company, adapt to US marketing standards of transparency builds relationships or keep your image hidden and let your products, locations, etc speak for themselves? (Explain your rationale using marketing principles not just your opinion). I believe this similar strategy with a different execution of Trader Joe’s is more successful here because they are more aware of what American consumers want and how they shop. Trader Joe’s connects with its consumers on a more personal level. Their employees are friendly and their displays are unique, creating an overall enjoyable shopping experience. I think Trader Joe’s is more successful because the company swaps selection for quality. Customers have begun to trust Trader Joe’s in that what ever is on their shelves is the best possible product. Aldi does not have this trust yet. With time, more and more customers will begin to trust the foreign company in that their offerings are of the best quality. Also, I believe Aldi needs to focus ore on creating nicer displays. Currently, these stores are very messy and this could be a reason consumers do not like shopping there. Trader Joe’s can target more affluent people by offering more unique products. Already it offers exotic, affordable luxuries and for it further differentiate itself from Aldi, Trader Joe’s should expand these types of products while cutting back on more common products they sell. Based on the article, I believe Aldi’s and Trader Joe’s are so secretive about how they run their individual businesses because they have been so successful. I believe they do not want larger stores such as Walmart and Target to figure out their key to success. Because Walmart and Target occupy a large sector of the market and are both extremely powerful, Aldi and Trader Joe’s do not want to be overtaken by them. If I were head of marketing I would continue with keeping the companies image hidden for a period of time. If this tactic was not working, I would soon then adapt to a more transparent company. US consumers like to hear from their favorite companies and they like to feel a connection to the upper levels of management, therefore companies who are more hidden from them may not fare as well.

Theorems Essays - Quadrilaterals, Elementary Geometry,

Theorems postulate1-3--given AB and a # r between 0 and 180, there is exactly one ray w/ endpoint A,extending on each side ofAB, such that the measure of the angle formed is r postulate1-4--if r is in the interior of pqs,then Mpqr+Mrqs=Mpqs.if Mpqr+Mrqs then R is in thr interior of angle pqs postulate 2-2--through any 3 points not on the same line there is exactly one plane law of detachment--if P--*Q is a true conditional and P is true,then Q is true law of syllogism--if P--*Q and Q--*R are true conditionals,then P--*R is also true theorem2-1--congruence of segments is reflexive,symmetric and transitive theorem2-2--if 2 angles form a linear pair, then they r supplementary angles theorem2-3--congruence of angles is reflexive,symmetric,and transitive theorem2-4--angles supplementary to the same angle or to the congruent angles r congruent theorem2-5--angles complementary to the same angle or to congruent angles r congruent theorem2-6--all right angles r congruent theorem2-7--vertical angles r congruent theorem2-8--perpindicular lines intersect to form 4 right angles skew lines-2 lines r skew if they don't intersect and r not in the samn plane postulate3-1-- if 2 // lines r cut by a transversal,then each pair of corresponding angles is congruent theorem3-1--if 2 // lines r cut by a transversal,then each pair of alternate interior angles in congruent theorem3-2--if 2 // lines r cut by a transversal,then each pair of consec. int. angles is supp. theorem3-3--if 2 // lines r cut by a transversal,then each pair of alternate ext. angles is congruent theorem3-4--in a plane,if a line is perp. to 1 of 2 // lines,then it is perp. to the other postulate3-4--2 nonvertical lines have the same slope if and only if they r //. postulate3-5--2 nonvertical lines r perp. if and only if the product of their slopes is -1 theorem4-3--the measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the measures of the 2 remote interior angles CPCTC- 2 triangles r congruent if and only if their corresponding parts r congruent theorem4-4--congruence of triangles is reflexive,transitive and symmetric theorem4-6--if 2 sides of a triangle r congruent,then the angles opp. the sides r congruent theorem4-7--if 2 angles of a triangle r congruent,then the sides opp. those angles r congruent theorem4-3--a triangle is equilateral if and only if it is equiangular theorem5-1 a point on the perp. bisector of a seg. is equidistant from the endpoints of the seg. theorem5-2--a point equidistant from the endpoints of a seg. lies in the perp. bisector of the seg. theorem5-3--a point on the bisector of an angle is equidistant from the sides of the angle theorem5-4--a point in the interior of or on an angle and equidistant from the sides of an angle lies on the bisector of the angle theorem5-5--if the legs of 1 rt. triangle r congruent to the corr. legs of another rt. triangle, then the triangles r congruent theorem5-6--if the hypotenuse and an acute angle of 1 rt. triangle r congruent to the hyp. and corr. acute angle of another rt. triangle,then the 2 triangles r congruent theorem5-9--if 1 side of a triangle is longer than the other side,then the angle opp. the longer side is greater than the angle opp. the shorter side theorem5-11--the perp.seg. froma point to a line is ythe shortest seg. from the point to the line theorem5-12--the sum of the lenghts of any 2 sides of a triangle is greater than the lenght of the third side theorem6-1--opp. sides and angles of a parallelogram r congruent theorem6-4--the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other theorem6-5--if both pairs of opp. sides of a quad. r congruent,the the quad is a parallelogram theorem6-6--if 1 pair of opp. sides of a quad. r both parallel and congruent, then the quad. is a parallelogram theorem6-7--if the diagonals of a quad. bisect each other,then the quad. is a parallelogram theorem6-8--if both pairs of opp. angles in a quad r congruent,then the quad is a parallelogram theorem6-9--if a paralellogram is a rectangle then its diagonals r congruent theorem6-10--the diagonals of a rhombus r perp. theorem6-11--each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair of opp. angles theorem6-12--both pairs of base angles of an isoceles trapezoid r congruent theorem6-13--the diagonals of an isoceles trapezoid r congrient theorem6-14--the mediand of a trapezoid is parallel to the bases and its measure is one half the sum of the measures of the bases

Kalpana Chawla free essay sample

Teachers Day BY vtnay2085 Speech given on the Teachers Day. Ghiyasuddin School, Wednesday 13th September 2006 Madam Aishath Adam, Senior Assistant Principal, Supervisors, members of the staff, Teachers and Dear Students. Assalaam Alaikum and Good afternoon. Today, we are here to celebrate great teachers and great teaching. As a fellow teacher, I find awkward to speak about teachers or for teachers. But, first, let me convey to all the teachers, my personal greetings and best wishes on the teachers day. Dear Teachers: Though a fellow teacher, I want to say I am proud of you. I am proud of your edication to the profession and for the personal sacrifices you make to teach our children. I am delighted of your devotion to train their questing minds, and for your inspiration of their hopeful hearts. I am proud that you take this responsibility seriously †that you see it as sacred trust. We celebrate teachers day, because we value you. We will write a custom essay sample on Kalpana Chawla or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I want to remind you that all the parents, students and the wider community deeply appreciate your commitment to teaching and to the children. There is no substitute for education. Firstly, because its the most precious gift we can give our children. Secondly, because its the most critical investment in our future. And thirdly, because its the most effective strategy which will enable us to survive and to thrive in a changing world. Dear Students: I became a teacher because of some of the happy experiences I had in school. There were teachers who touched my soul; who helped me realize my own potential. I decided to become a teacher because I want to help change someones life. Sometimes, it is hard. We have our own families, financial life and life problems that challenge us, like everyone else. Sometimes we are exhausted by our workload nd responsibilities. This is why teachers need encouragement and support. So that in turn, we can devote ourselves to our students. Dear staff and students; On Teachers Day every year, we remember our teachers, we remember our childrens teachers. We recognize these very dedicated people. People who give of themselves and take a personal interest in their students. Teachers who have touched our liv es, moulded us into what we are today, and are helping to shape tomorrows people, tomorrows students. Just as a country is as good as its people, so its citizens are only as good as their teachers. Therefore a great deal depends on you, teachers, and I salute you, all of you, those here today, and those absent, for your passion, dedication, commitment and contributions. I wish to all the teachers a successful career in teaching   a career in which you find happiness, health, friendship and love. Happy Teachers Day and thank you. Kalpana Chawla By Vaishakhi Status Deceased Born July 1, 1961 Karnal, Haryana, India Died February 1, 2003 (aged 42) Over Texas Previous occupation Research Scientist Time in space 31d 14h 54m selection 1994 NASA Group Mission insignia Sts-87-patch. ng STS-107 Flight Insignia. svg Kalpana Chawla , was an Indian-American scientist and a NASA astronaut. She was one of seven crewmembers killed in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. Early life Kalpana Chawla was born in a Punjabi Hindu family at Karnal, Haryana, India. [l] She was born in Model Town Karnal. Kalpana in Hindi means imagination. Her interest in flying was inspired by J. R. D. Tata, a pionee ring Indian pilot and industrialist. [2][3]. Kalpana has two sisters (Sunita Deepa) and a brother (Sanjay). Being the youngest, the family members gave her the nickname Montu. She met and married Jean- Pierre Harrison, a flying instructor and aviation writer, in 1983 and became a naturalized United States citizen in 1990. [4] [edit] Education Chawla completed her earlier schooling at Tagore Public School, Karnal. She earned her B. E. degree in aeronautical engineering at Punjab Engineering College in Chandigarh in 1982. She moved to the United States in 1982 and obtained a M. S. degree in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington (1984). Chawla went on to earn a second M. S. degree in 1986 and a Ph. D. degree in aerospace engineering in 1988 from the University of Colorado at Boulder. Later that year she began working for NASA Ames Research Center as vice president of Overset Methods, Inc. where she did CFD research on WSTOL. [2] Chawla held a Certificated Flight Instructor rating for airplanes, gliders and Commercial Pilot licenses for single and multiengine airplanes, seaplanes and gliders. She held an FCC issued Technician Class Amateur Radio license with the call sign KD5ESl. [edit] NASA career Chawla Joined the NASA astronaut corps in March 1995 and was selected for her first flight in 1998. that flew the Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87. Chawla was the first Indian-born oman and the second person of Indian origin to fly in space, following cosmonaut Rakesh Sharma who flew in 1984 in a Soviet spacecraft. On her first mission Chawla travelled over 10. 4 million miles

Brand Management

Brand Management Introduction Principle products account for a sizeable percentage of a company’s profits. Companies use various strategies to improve the competitiveness of their products. Branding is one of the major strategies that companies use to improve the competitiveness of their products.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Brand Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brand recognition makes customers associate with the product.1 Companies may employ several branding strategies. A company may use a certain line of products that uses a similar brand name. A bastion brand is the most profitable product in the product line. Competitors may try to undercut the bastion brand by offering other products that compete with it using price or quality. This necessitates companies that own the bastion brands to formulate strategies that would help in tackling competition from rivals. Companies may use flanker brands to impro ve their competitiveness.2 The purpose of flanker brands is to pre-empt competition from rivals. In addition, flanker brands help in covering the market more efficiently. Intel is one of the companies that use flanker brands to tackle competition from rivals. Intel used the Celeron to overcome competition from AMD’s K6 chips. Celeron was a cheaper version Pentium, which was the company’s premium brand. However, there is no guarantee that this strategy would be successful. GM’s Saturn is a clear illustration of how failure of flanker brands may affect a company. GM lost billions of dollars due to the failure of Saturn. Therefore, it is vital for companies to use an efficient strategy in launching flanker brands. Companies must ensure that flanker brands are profitable. This would guarantee the long-term stability of the company. Flanker Brands It is vital for companies to respond to attacks by competitors. Competitors may offer products that have unique attribute s that may enable it to conquer the market. Therefore, failure to respond to the attacks would risk the company’s image and brand equity. Using flanker brands is one of the most efficient strategies that companies use to tackle threats from competitors. Flanker brands help in insulating the original brand from threats posed by rivals.3 A war metaphor is the source of the flanker brand name. A flanker brand helps in protecting a bastion brand from rival brands. The major aim of the flanker brand is to overcome competition from rivals. The major characteristic of flanker brands is the fact that they reduce the need for bastion brands to change their focus. This enables a company to maintain its customers.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Companies often use a flanker brand if rivals develop low-cost products that strive to weaken the market position of the bastion brand. Failure to respond to the rival products would reduce the profitability of the bastion brand.4 A flanker brand offers stiff resistance to the entry of rival products in the market. This helps in protecting the competitiveness and profitability of the bastion brand. Intel Intel is most dominant company in the computer chips market. Intel used a flanker brand to overcome low-cost products from rivals successfully. Pentium chips are the most successful products of the company. During the late 1990s, Intel faced competitors that threatened the company’s market dominance. AMD is one of the companies that threatened Intel’s market dominance. AMD’s K6 chips were much cheaper than Intel’s computer chips. This enabled the chips to have a better chance of capturing the emerging low-cost PC market. Therefore, it was vital for Intel to devise a strategy that would counter the rival. This would help in protecting Intel’s brand equity. Intel crea ted the Celeron to counter competition from AMD. Celeron was a cheaper version of Intel’s Pentium chips, which had limited capabilities. It enabled Intel to overcome competition from AMD.5 Celeron’s success led to the creation of a new market segment. Intel is the dominant player in this market segment. Celeron is currently one of the major brands of the company. It accounts for a sizeable percentage of the company’s revenue. Therefore, using a flanker brand enabled the company to increase its profitability. Figure 1. Intel’s Pentium processorAdvertising We will write a custom case study sample on Brand Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages of Flanker Brands Flanker brands increase the number of products that a company offers. This increases the shelf space that a company gets in various retail outlets. Intel’s use of this strategy led to the creation of a new product. Celeron incr eased the product range of the company. Using flanker brands enables a company to improve its brand equity. This is because flanker brands increase the product range of the company.6 Intel used the Celeron to improve Pentium’s brand awareness. This increased Pentium’s competitiveness. Flanker brands enable a company to capture brand switchers. Brand switchers are customers who are not loyal to a particular brand. Therefore, they may alternate purchases between different brands. Flanker brands improve a company’s stability and profitability. Celeron increased Intel’s product range. In addition, the ability of Celeron to compete on different fronts enabled Intel to capture brand switchers. Flanker brands enable a company to improve its profitability. In some instances, successful venture of the flanker brands into the market may lead to the creation of new bastion brands. Successful venture of Celeron into the market made the product become part of Intelâ⠂¬â„¢s profitable bastion brands. This increased the profitability of the company. Flanker brands enable a company to protect its bastion brand. Companies usually assign a unique name to the flanker brands. This limits the risk that the bastion brand may face if the flanker brand fails.7 Celeron was the name of Intel’s flanker brand. Therefore, failure of Celeron would not have adverse effects on Pentium. Flanker brands enable companies that have high quality products to introduce low quality products without diluting the brand name of the high quality products. The high quality products continue being the company’s principle products. Intel introduced Celeron without compromising Pentium’s brand name. Pentium was the high quality product of the company. Therefore, it enabled the company to compete with low quality products from rivals. Disadvantages of Flanker Brands Inefficiency of this branding strategy may increase the risks that bastion brands of a company may face. Failure of the bastion brands may have huge repercussion on the company. This is because the company may have taken many years to build the brand image of the bastion brand. Therefore, it is vital for a company to use an efficient flanker brand strategy.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Flanker brands lead to the creation of new products. This may distract the company from the values and associations of the bastion brand due to the wide variety of new products. This would ultimately reduce the competitiveness of the bastion brand. Flanker brands may lead to loss of economies of scale. They may also increase the costs of brand management. This is because flanker brands increase the number of brands of a company. Competition between in-house brands may necessitate a company to offer sub-optimal prices for the products. This would reduce the competitiveness of the company. Failure of Flanker Brands In the business world, failure of business strategies is very common. For every successful flanker brand strategy, there are various cases of failure of the strategy. General Motors’ Saturn is one case that illustrates the failure of a flanker brand strategy. General Motors intended to use the Saturn to counter the entry of Japanese imports into the market.8 However, Saturn led to the loss billions of dollars, which helped in destroying GM. GM launched Saturn in 1990. During the initial period, Saturn was very successful. By 1996, orders of Saturn had surpassed the company’s production capacities. This was testament to the success of the product in fighting cheap Japanese imports, which were more fuel-efficient. However, Saturn’s success did not solve some of the problems that were inherent in the brand since its onset. The initial cost of setting up Saturn was $5 billion. However, GM offered Saturn at very low prices. The prices of the vehicle were unable to cater for the huge operational costs of its manufacturing plant. By 2000, GM was losing $3,000 on every sale of a Saturn vehicle. The huge losses necessitated the closure of the Saturn plant. 9 Failure of Saturn had great repercussions to GM. The company lost valuable time in building a brand that strived to fight cheap Japanese imports. In so doing, GM made huge strategic sh ifts that affected the entire company. In addition, Saturn made GM lose billions of dollars, which would have greatly benefited the company if it had invested the finances in other areas. Failure of Saturn tarnished GM’s brand image. Failure of Saturn provides an explanation to the current woes facing GM. GM has been unable to recapture its market share from the Japanese imports. Figure 2. Logo of GM’s Saturn Critical Success Factors Companies should consider whether they need an additional brand to counter competition before launching a flanker brand. An additional brand reduces the investment and attention that a company offers to its existing products. This provides distractions to the company. Spending precious resources on a flanker brand may have detrimental effects on a company. Adjusting the existing brands may help in solving some of the problems that a company faces due to the entry of rivals into the market. Therefore, a company should use a flanker brand a s a last resort. Failure of flanker brands may necessitate a company to implement cost-cutting or re-pricing strategies on its bastion brands. Flanker brands delay the crucial strategic transformations. During this period, the competitors may have already gained a stronghold of the market. Having fewer brands reduces a company’s distractions. Companies should also consider the effects of cannibalisation prior to launching flanker brands. Most companies use flanker brands to capture brand switchers. However, flanker brands also acquire customers from the company’s bastion brands.10 Therefore, it is vital for a company to consider the number of customers of customers that the flanker brand will acquire from the bastion brand before launching it.11 A company should ensure that the flanker brand focuses on the customers. However, companies do not create flanker brands using a process that is similar to that of other products. Companies create flanker brands due to their ow n deficiencies or strengths of the competitors. Therefore, flanker brands do not target the customers. This corrupts the DNA of the flanker brand from its onset. Therefore, it is vital for a company to focus on the needs of customers prior to the launch of flanker brands. This would help in targeting a specific segment of consumers. This would guarantee the ultimate success the flanker brand. A company should consider the profitability of flanker brands prior to their launch. Despite the fact that flanker brands target rivals, they should do so profitably. Having sustainable profits ensures the long-term stability of flanker brands.12 Failure of Saturn is a clear illustration of the importance of ensuring the profitability of flanker brands. GM did not design Saturn to have sustainable profits. Therefore, Saturn’s collapse restored the market dominance of the cheap Japanese imports. This invalidated the efforts of the company. Conclusion The major aim of flanker brands is to overcome competition. However, companies should ensure that flanker brands have sustainable profits. This guarantees the long-term stability of flanker brands. The success of flanker brands may lead to the formation of new market segments. However, there is no guarantee that flanker brands would be successful. Therefore, it is vital for companies to consider various critical success factors prior to launching a flanker brand. This would guarantee the ultimate success of the flanker brands. Intel is one of the companies that have used flanker brands to subdue competitors. Bibliography Aaker, David A. â€Å"Should You Take Your Brand to Where the Action Is.† Harvard Business Review 75, no. 5 (1997):135-143. Buday, Tom. â€Å"Capitalising on brand extensions.† Journal of Consumer Marketing 6, no. 4 (1989): 27-30. James, David. â€Å"Guilty through association: Brand association transfer to brand alliances.† Journal of Consumer Marketing 22, no. 116 (2005): 14-24. K im, Chung K. and Anne M. Lavack. â€Å"Vertical brand extensions: Current research and managerial implications.† Journal of Product Brand Management 5, no. 6 (1996): 24-37. Kim, W. Chan and Renee Mauborgne, â€Å"Blue ocean strategy,† Harvard Business Review 82, no. 10 (2004): 76-84. Lomax, Wendy, Kathy Hammond, Maria Clemente and Robert East. â€Å"New entrants in a mature market: An empirical study of the detergent market.† Journal of Marketing Management 12, no. 4 (1996): 281-295. Miles, Raymond E. and Charles C. Snow. â€Å"Causes for Failure in Network Organizations.† California Management Review 34, no. 1 (1992): 53-72. Porter, Stephen S. and Cindy Claycomb. â€Å"The influence of brand recognition on retail store image.† Journal of Product Brand Management 6, no. 6 (1997): 373-387. Ritson, Mark. â€Å"Should you launch a fighter brand.† Harvard Business Review 87, no. 10 (2009): 86-94. Varadarajan, Rajan, Mark P. DeFanti and Paul S. Busch. â€Å"Brand portfolio, corporate image, and reputation: Managing brand deletions.† Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 34, no. 2 (2006): 195-205. Varadarajan, Rajan. â€Å"Fortune at the bottom of the innovation pyramid: The strategic logic of incremental innovations.† Business Horizons 52, no. 1 (2009): 21-29. Volckner, Franziska and Henrik Sattler. â€Å"Drivers of brand extension success.† Journal of Marketing 70, no. 2 (2006):18-34. Footnotes 1 Stephen S. Porter and Cindy Claycomb, â€Å"The influence of brand recognition on retail store image,† Journal of Product Brand Management 6, no. 6 (1997): 374. 2 Franziska Volckner and Henrik Sattler, â€Å"Drivers of brand extension success,† Journal of Marketing 70, no. 2 (2006):18. 3 Rajan Varadarajan, â€Å"Fortune at the bottom of the innovation pyramid: The strategic logic of incremental innovations,† Business Horizons 52, no. 1 (2009): 22. 4 Rajan Varadarajan, Mark P. DeFa nti and Paul S. Busch, â€Å"Brand portfolio, corporate image, and reputation: Managing brand deletions,† Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 34, no. 2 (2006): 199. 5 Chung K. Kim and Anne M. Lavack, â€Å"Vertical brand extensions: Current research and managerial implications,† Journal of Product Brand Management 5, no. 6 (1996): 26. 6 David James, â€Å"Guilty through association: Brand association transfer to brand alliances,† Journal of Consumer Marketing 22, no. 116 (2005): 16. 7 David A. Aaker, â€Å"Should You Take Your Brand to Where the Action Is,† Harvard Business Review 75, no. 5 (1997): 136. 8 Raymond E. Miles and Charles C. Snow, â€Å"Causes for Failure in Network Organizations,† California Management Review 34, no. 1 (1992): 61. 9 Mark Ritson, â€Å"Should you launch a fighter brand,† Harvard Business Review 87, no. 10 (2009): 90. 10 Tom Buday, â€Å"Capitalising on brand extensions,† Journal of Consumer Market ing 6, no. 4 (1989): 29. 11Wendy Lomax et al., â€Å"New entrants in a mature market: An empirical study of the detergent market,† Journal of Marketing Management 12, no. 4 (1996): 283. 12 W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne, â€Å"Blue ocean strategy,† Harvard business Review 82, no. 10 (2004): 77.

Evolution--Creationism and Intelligent Design Essay

Evolution--Creationism and Intelligent Design - Essay Example This suggests that the knowledge imparted upon the students should reflect the ideals and ethos of all science theories that help humanity survive and prosper. On that aspect, a controversial theory, such as creationism, that insists on the existence of human life and the earth as the work of a supernatural being called Abrahamic God is paramount in within the framework of this research. Alternatively, there is also the intelligent design whereby some believe the creation of the universe should be questioned on the basis of a scientific and an intelligent cause rather than natural selection. In other words, parents or school boards should constantly review the syllabus of the science subject in order to ensure only the right material is fed to the students. In the account, the scientific theories presented in schools should improve the both analytical and research skills of the students in respect to discovering the truth about God and other elements of the universe (Dembski, 2002). Additionally, parents or the school boards can petition the government through the Ministry of Education on the type of scientific theories and ideas are valuable for students in schools. I think the views of creationism that are primarily based on a particular type of Christianity should be given special consideration based on certain factors. For example, this will have the effect on transforming the perceptions that students have on other religions, such as Islam and Hinduism among others. Additionally, creationism is a widely accepted doctrine because of its belief in the Abrahamic God and, hence, it is a yardstick for guiding other religions in knowledge enlightenment. Alternatively, it is fundamental to observe that Christianity is the largest religion in the world with one-quarter of Christians having residence in Europe alone. In other words, the influence of Christianity around the world should encourage

A4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A4 - Essay Example The Canons was prepared by a joint committee through the sponsorship of the Engineers’ Council for Professional Development, a coordinating body of technical engineering societies. It was published in January 1947, with a revision published in November of the same year, in the American Engineer. In 1948, the Board adopted a motion to encourage state societies to adopt the Canons as amended. In 1952 and 1957, the Board adopted Rules of Ethical Conduct and the Rules of Professional Conduct, respectively, to support the Canons. Then in June 1964, the Board adopted the National Society for Professional Engineers’ (NSPE’s) Code of Ethics to replace the Canons of Ethics for Engineers and Rules of Professional Conduct. The succeeding years saw several adjustments in the Code intended to attune its provisions to the developing environment. The more recent and pertinent additions to the Code were introduced in January 2003 and January 2006. The 2003 incorporation was a new section that reads: "Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and should keep current in their specialty fields by engaging in professional practice, participating in continuing education courses, reading in the technical literature and attending professional meetings and seminars." The new section was important in that it made it the duty of every professional engineer to keep his training and knowledge current with new developments. The 2006 addition to the Code is section (III.2.d.) which reads: "Engineers shall strive to adhere to the principles of sustainable development1 in order to protect the environment for future generation." While earlier amendments dealt with the formal relationships among engineers, their clients, colleagues, society and their profession, the 2006 amendment is the first vital

Li Ning Company Limited Organizational Background and Audit Assignment

Li Ning Company Limited Organizational Background and Audit - Assignment Example Li Ning has its headquarters in Beijing, the Chinese capital. According to its website, Li Ning has extensive presence in the entire country. It has reportedly a reliable network of retailers and manufacturers for its supply chain, and a host of franchise owners distributing the products. Li Ning, therefore, is well-entrenched throughout the country, and has probably perfected the art of marketing and selling which have made the company successful in all its current businesses. The company started operations in 1989, the same year LI-NING was registered as a trademark. Since then, it has sponsored numerous sports delegations of China to various national and international events, where the sponsored teams brandished their Li Ning sportswear. In 1993, the company started franchising its business operations, a strategic move that helped it reach its target market in distant areas and remote provinces, thereby helping the company established its foothold in the country’s huge market for footwear and sports-related products. Li Ning is a multi-faceted business operation that is pro-active and a leader in the industry. It has its own research and development center, and a design center established in 1998. It is a proud company to claim that it is the first sports business in China to have implemented an Enterprise Resource Program (ERP) system, a system which uses internet technology that integrates its supply chain with its internal operations.

CRISPR-Cas9 History and Engineering

CRISPR-Cas9 History and Engineering A modular platform using engineered single short guide RNA to allow programming of CRISPR specificity, permitting high efficacy gene induction for analysis of gene function. The ability to control gene expression has been the key method in elucidating their respective functions, pathways, and regulatory elements; paving a way for future therapeutic applications. The two main approaches of determining gene function involve the analysis of loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function (GOF) mutations. LOF involves a mutation in an allele where partial or full loss in genetic function occurs. GOF involves the introduction of a mutation which generates a new allele associated with a new function. The problem with GOF screening approaches is that theyre hindered by a requirement for large comprehensive cDNA library overexpression systems which rarely encompass the full spectrum of isoform variation. Viral expression vectors are not large enough to allow these to be cloned. LOF screening is the predominant way of analysing gene function, using techniques such as Transcription-activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) RNA interference and Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs). However, these are difficult to construct on a genome wide scale, unlike CRISPR-Cas9. A brief history of CRISPR-Cas9 In 1987, Ishino et al observed the presence of CRISPR repeats within bacterial genomes, but it wasnt until 2006 that Makarova proposed for its use as an adaptive immune system. Cas9 or CRISPR associated protein 9 is an endonuclease, guided by RNA and associated with CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). The system functions by interrogating and cleaving foreign DNA from bacteriophages by unwinding the foreign DNA and checking its complementation to a 20 base pair spacer region on the guide RNA. If the DNA substrate is complementary to the guide RNA, cleavage of the DNA occurs (Heler R, 2015). (Jinek M, 2012) discovered that by inactivating Cas9s two catalytic domains, its DNA cleavage ability is disrupted thereby creating catalytically dead or dCas9. This provides a platform for an RNA-guided transcript activator (dCas9-activator) using a single short guided RNA (sgRNA). Engineering CRISPR-Cas9 In their article: Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex, Konermann et al develop a system using programmable DNA binding proteins for engineering synthetic transcription factors for the modulation of endogenous gene expression. This allowed GOF screening and was successful in turning on tens of thousands of individual genes in parallel. To allow rational engineering of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the structure of the Cas9-sg-RBA-target DNA tertiary complex had to be elucidated. To do this, crystallographic studies were performed. Optimal anchoring positions were determined for the activation domains. The team settled on the addition of protein interacting RNA aptamers to the tetraloop and stemloop 2 to facilitate the recruitment of effector domains to the Cas9, as illustrated in figure 1. Fusion of the dCas9 to transcriptional activation domains converts the Cas9 nuclease into an dCas9-activator. Linking the dCas9 to domains of proteins involved in transcriptional activation and allowing CRISPR to target promotor sequences regulating transcription of particular genes provides a means of modulating natural gene expression. The efficacy of this system is low causing at most a fivefold increase in activation. Tiling the promoter region with several sgRNAs can produce a substantial transcriptional activation. Konermann et al overcame this low efficiency by turning CRISPR sgRNA into a modular platform which assembles multiple different transcriptional activators. The addition of the protein interacting RNA aptamers attracts RNA binding proteins. The complex can be used to target the transcription activation domains of different transcription factors, creating a system termed the synergistic activator mediator (SAM) by its authors. Astonishingly, this complex can induce more than 100-fold activation of genes. Parallels can be drawn with the cells natural mechanisms of gene regulation; enhancers can turn on gene expression by generating long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which act as modular scaffolds, recruiting cellular machinery similarly to CRISPR. Konnermanns findings appear to mimic the lncRNAs by orchestrating the use of multiple proteins to have them work in cohesion. Current Applications The authors displayed the applications of this response by creating a library of sgRNAs, thereby allowing individual activation of over 23,000 genes. Their experiments were centred around melanoma cancer cells. PLX-4720 is a common drug treatment, capable of killing these cancerous cells. The experiment involved activation of individual genes to establish which ones would provide resistance to the killing effects of the PLX-4720 treatment. Drug resistance was determined by calculating the relative frequency of sgRNAs in melanoma cells post drug treatment. sgRNAs were correspondent to the genes involved in known drug-resistance pathways.   This verified that the SAM technique could identify biologically significant outcomes of varied gene expression. It was determined that 13 genes whose altered gene expression produced a state of drug resistance. Potential applications The significance of the findings of Konnermann et al are a new and improved programmable targeting system for DNA by which RNA sequences can be engineered to determine specificity. Through this, single sgRNA-mediated gene upregulation can be performed.This next generation of CRISPR expands the Cas9 toolbox, further engineering may take advantage of the modular nature of this system. The scaffolding allows variation in the use of aptamers, for recruitment of specific effectors It has been proposed to replace the MS2 stem loops with PP7 elements to recruit repressive elements as opposed to activators, thereby opening the possibility of bidirectional transcript control. Further research is required to determine off target effects of CRISPR and validate experiments to confirm effects of altered gene expression. This will require a detailed understanding of regulatory elements and further experiments with gene sub libraries. Future applications will involve positive and negative selectio n screens to determine genetic elements in cells.

Problem Solving for Elementary School Math Teachers Essay

In every teaching discipline, a strategy is usually employed in working out a problem, and in mathematics, the problem-solving process is employed. Problem solving process is a series that is used to solve a problem instead of solving the problem through intuition or memory but by phases of analysis and at the same employs thinking and logic. In a mathematical perspective, there are four steps: understanding the problem, devising a plan, executing the plan and reflecting on the issue (Alfred, 2007, pp. 46). Usually the first step is looking for clues that form the basis of understanding the problem. Basics of the question are digested and the clue terms are analyzed and understood. This is through obtaining the facts that can help in solving the problem and previous knowledge on the question can be brought into use. The next step is devising a plan that will be employed in working out the solution to the problem. The game plan should be defined and trying to flash back whether such a problem as ever occurred. Strategies are developed that will help in solving the question and strategies like employing formulas and simplification are analyzed. At this, time the order and appropriate formulas that will be employed are checked. Strategies that have been developed are used to solve the problem. Each step is dealt with depending on the conditions of that question. In solving the problem, operators, number sentence and structure are employed. This is the third step that indicates how the mathematical problem is solved. The final part is checking the process or reflecting whether the right question is answered and the right style is employed. At this phase questions such as how the problem was solved, what strategy was employed and whether the right steps were followed comes into play. Solving any mathematical problem, there are certain numbers and operands / functions that can be applied. Natural numbers is common during counting and includes the countable numbers: 1, 2, 3 †¦ which leads to whole numbers when 0 is included: 0, 1, 2, 3. They then gives birth to integers that combine natural and whole numbers: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. Rational numbers in most cases are the fractions that results due to dividing of integers (Kamala, 2004, pp. 18). Integer division results into decimal numbers that may be either repeating or terminating. Those numbers that are non-terminating decimals, non-repetitive are irrational and examples are the pi and sqrt 2. However, when numbers are expressed as a fraction of number in relation with 100 is termed as percentage. The percent sign (%) is usually employed. The combination of irrational numbers and integer numbers results in real numbers. This is real numbers because there are the complex numbers that are formed by imaginary numbers. To bring the different numbers together to solve a problem operands are employed. Some of the common operands are add, subtract, multiply and divide (James, 2003, pp. 124). Number theory deals with properties of integers and methods that are used to manipulate them. On the other hand, sets are used to define those distinct objects. When the sets are arranged in symbolic form and with the help of mathematical notation yields the number system. A mathematical teacher has to know the difference between numbers so that the teacher can easily manipulate any computation requirements. Differentiating between integers and complex numbers because of the introduction of function i in imaginary numbers will enable the understanding of space designs and structures. Teachers’ ability in understanding the different number system and the methods that can be used in solving the problems at the required phases: problem solving steps is important in developing the student logic and thinking capability. The aspect of mathematical operation ability and different number system has expanded personal knowledge in knowing that there are many and different numbers that can be worked on (James, 2003, pp. 124). The relation between this numbers is small e. g. , the difference between whole numbers and natural numbers is the introduction of zero. Additionally, the use of problem solving steps makes it easy to solve a problem and develop the logic that the students will have to apply in different mathematical computations. Mathematics is an important discipline that is usually employed in different fields. Its application to one field is the same to some extent when employed to another discipline. Problem solving understating is important so that the concept that is behind the computation should stay in the brain for a longer time. The four phases that is used in mathematical computation develops the logic and thinking. References Alfred, W. (2007). An Introduction to Mathematics. New York: Kessinger Publishing C. , pp. pp. 45 – 49 James, L. (2003). World Mathematical Operations. London: Cambridge University Press, pp. 123 – 127 Kamala, M. (2004). Introduction to Computational Mathematics. New York: Prentice Hall Publishing, pp. 16 – 19

As readers we feel confused by the events of the first chapter

From the outset, Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ creates an air of mystery in both the characters and setting that contributes to the confusion felt by the reader. Many of the ideas and symbols used in the first chapter of the book epitomise the technique utilised by Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ throughout the novel. â€Å"Wuthering Heights† has been described as a ‘Chaotic novel'1and many believe that it is intended to confuse and bewilder the reader. After reading the first chapter, the reader is confused about the situation and questions are left unanswered. We are unsure about many of the facts. We know the date is 1801 and that Lockwood is a tenant of Heathcliff's at Thrushcross Grange, but we are unaware of any of the characters' significance in the novel. We are introduced to the servant, Joseph, and briefly encounter Zillah, although we are not told her name. The reader is not informed of the relationships between any of the characters. Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ purposefully keeps the facts ambiguous, which emphasises the feelings of confusion. Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s tone and style is mysterious and foreboding from the beginning. In particular, the use of descriptions such as ‘gaunt', ‘defended', ‘jutting', ‘crumbling' and ‘grotesque' add to the grim feel of the novel from the start and the seemingly impenetrable facade of the characters. As readers, we are intended to feel an affinity with Lockwood, who is portrayed as completely alien to the situation. Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ uses many symbols which continue throughout the novel to suggest this. When Lockwood first arrives at the Heights, the atmosphere is unwelcoming, ‘a perfect misanthropists Heaven.' His entrance to Wuthering Heights is made difficult and uncomfortable, ‘he did pull out his hand to unchain it, and then sullenly proceeded me up the causeway' and the greeting is morose from Joseph, ‘looking meantime in my face so sourly that I charitably conjectured he must have need of divine aid to digest his dinner'. Heathcliff's abrupt attitude towards Lockwood, ‘appeared to demand (his) speedy entrance or complete departure'. The doorway into â€Å"the house† is then guarded by ‘grotesque carvings' that reiterates that Lockwood is unwelcome. The famous essay, ‘The Window Image in Wuthering Heights' by Dorothy Van Ghent puts across the point that doors and windows are used symbolically in â€Å"Wuthering Heights†. Characters are unable, or find it difficult, to enter or leave Wuthering Heights. In the first chapter, we see a glimpse of this reality in Lockwoods uncomfortable entrance into Wuthering Heights. Phrases such as, ‘gaunt thorns all stretching their limbs one way, as if craving alms of the sun' give the impression of people being trapped, an idea expressed by Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in the novel as a whole. Wuthering heights at first appears to be a place trapped in time, almost, ‘completely removed from the stir of society.' The building, dated â€Å"1500† is 300 years old, which suggests a history to the building. Later in the novel, the perception that Wuthering Heights and its characters are trapped is extended. The idea is epitomised by the ghost of Catherine that appears to Lockwood. The repeated use of doubles throughout the book also adds to this effect. â€Å"Hareton Earnshaw† is inscribed on the entrance to Wuthering Heights and is also a character currently living at the Heights when Lockwood visits. The two Cathy's in the novel notably add to the confusion and mystery created in the book. This heightens the effect of Wuthering Heights as a place which seems to defy time. There are many more examples of this in the novel. Frank Kermode has pointed out that the names on the windowsill when read left to rights show the elder Catherine's life, but left to right, the younger's. This gives an example of how the characters lives are confusingly entwined during the course of the novel and adds to bewilderment in the reader. In the first chapter, we are introduced by Lockwood to the vast importance of weather in â€Å"Wuthering Heights†: ‘†Wuthering† being a significant provincial adjective, descriptive of the atmospheric tumult to which its station is exposed in stormy weather' Here, Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ prefaces one of the most major symbols used in â€Å"Wuthering Heights†. Depiction of the novel, from modern films to old paintings inevitably includes the imagery of the moors and ‘tumultuous sky and wild landscape.'2Even in the opening paragraphs, the connotations suggested by words such as ‘wilderness' and ‘jutting' suggest a feeling of defencelessness to the reader. The landscape and weather is portrayed as all-present, frequently reoccurring in metaphors and in the characters themselves, such as the ‘stormy'3Catherine. The reader feels overpowered and confused by the depth of thought in the novel as a whole and the vagueness of the first chapter. ‘Tumult', ‘gaunt', ‘crumbling' and ‘craving' when used to describe the surroundings at Wuthering Heights, also, simultaneously describes the feeling of confusion and helplessness that the reader experiences at the beginning of the novel. The confusion and feeling of being trapped in the novel is likely to be directly linked to Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s own confusion and withdrawal from the world. Many of the Gondal poems Emily wrote as an escape included situations in which characters were trapped, often in prisons from which they could only escape through the imagination. Scholars such as Mary Visack have noted a progression in Emily's work from the poems to the novel in this way. This poem by Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ shows uses of nature and weather, as well as very powerful language, ‘descending', ‘drear', ‘darkening', to describe the same feeling of loneliness and isolation depicted in Wuthering Heights. ‘The night is darkening round me, The wild winds coldly blow; But a tyrant spell has bound me And I cannot, cannot go. The giant trees are bending Their bare boughs weighed with snow, And the storm is fast descending And yet I cannot go. Clouds beyond clouds above me, Wastes beyond wastes below; But nothing drear can move me; I will not, cannot go.' The reader feels not only an affinity with Lockwood and his own confusion and isolation, but also with Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s own feelings at that time. Also, these feelings are symbolic of Cathy's loss of power and helplessness later in the book. The reader feels isolated at first from the events of the text and unaware of what it means. Lockwood does not inspire confidence as a narrator during the first chapter. He frequently misjudges things, leading the reader to mistrust his initial opinions and views, adding to the confoundment felt at the start of the novel. The ‘homely, northern farmer' that Lockwood would expect is deeply contrasted by the ‘rather morose' reality of Heathcliff. The contrasts themselves within Heathcliff are another cause for confusion. Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ frequently utilises Lockwood's judgements in this way to further cloud the readers mind. ‘He is a dark-skinned gypsy in aspect, in dress and manners a gentleman.' Heathcliff's description constantly contradicts itself. Lockwood then goes on to judge Heathcliff very quickly, ‘by instinct'. However, the overconfident manner in which he announces his opinions then dismisses them, ‘No, I'm running on to fast', puts the reader on guard. In his description of Wuthering Heights, Lockwoods view of what should be is opposed by the reality: ‘I observed no signs of roasting boiling or baking, about the huge fire-place.' Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ uses dark imagery in phrases such as ‘heavy black ones lurking in the shade', ‘swarm of squealing puppies' and ‘other dogs haunted other recesses' to re-emphasise the foreboding and unwelcoming feel to Wuthering Heights once again. The signs in Wuthering Heights appear to be unreadable. What Lockwood thought were ‘cats' were in fact dead rabbits. The dogs are ‘four-footed fiends'. The contrasting descriptions of Heathcliff are also perplexing and later Lockwood, and the reader, are unable to decipher relationships between the characters. We are unsure if Hareton is a servant or a master and we cannot understand Catherine's relationships with other characters. This is mirrored, later, when the reader is confused about the names on the windowsill. We are unsure whether the Catherines are the same person or not. Later still, the reader is confused again when the civilised Lockwood horrifically rubs the young girl's wrist against the broken glass 'till the blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes'. The eclectic mix of styles and qualities of the book in general add somewhat to it's confusion. There is a frequent use of ghosts and spirits, yet as Patsy Stoneman denotes, it has qualities of a ‘very down-to-earth book'4. In the first chapter we see a reflection of this mix in the grim descriptions, which contrast with both Lockwood and the ‘lusty dame'. The violence hinted at with the dogs contrasts again with these styles and is a direct precursor to events later in the book. â€Å"Wuthering Heights† is an extremely well-structured novel, in which Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ is able to control the readers thoughts and emotions to add to the powerful effect of the novel as a whole. In the first chapter, she is able to create an air of mystery, confusion and intrigue which is enhanced and expanded as the story unfolds. Still many critics find â€Å"Wuthering Heights† ‘a preposterous text'5 that is ‘back to front'and refuses to make sense by ‘normal' standards. There are certainly many levels the book can be read and enjoyed on. However, I think the most profound message in the book's confusion is the affinity it creates between Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the reader. This message is also mirrored later in the similarities between Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s own character and Heathcliff's and the parallels drawn between Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½'s own religious crisis and the character of Joseph. Essentially, â€Å"Wuthering Heights† is the only insight into the mysterious and reserved Emily Brontà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.

Pidgin and Creole Languages

Pidgin and Creole Languages Pidgin and Creole Languages Pidgin and Creole Languages By Maeve Maddox The word pidgin refers to a language used as a means of communication between people who do not share a common language. The word pidgin derives from a mispronunciation of the English word business. The term â€Å"Pidgin English† was first applied to the commercial lingua franca used in southern China and Melanesia, but now pidgin is a generic term that refers to any simplified language that has derived from two or more parent languages. When a pidgin develops into a more complex language and becomes the first language of a community, it is called a creole. Note: The word creole has racial applications, which are not addressed in this article. Creoles typically arise as the result of contact between the language of a dominant group and that of a subordinate group, as happened as the result of European trade and colonization. The earliest reference to a creole language is to a Portuguese-based creole spoken in Senegal. The vocabulary of a typical creole is supplied for the most part by the dominant language, while the grammar tends to be taken from the subordinate language. A pidgin is nobody’s natural language; a creole develops as a new generation grows up speaking the pidgin as its main language. The grammar of a creole usually remains simpler than that of the parent languages, but the new language begins to develop larger vocabularies to provide for a wider range of situations. Because of its distinctive use of verb tenses and other grammatical features, Black English is considered by many to be an English creole having British and American varieties. Haitian is a French creole. Unlike pidgins, creoles are complete natural languages that differ from standard dialects of the dominant parent language in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. Some more examples of creole languages: French-based Louisiana Creole Mauritian Creole English-based Gullah (US Sea Islands) Jamaican Creole Guyanese Creole Hawaiian Creole More than one parent language Saramacca (SurinameEnglish and Portuguese) Sranan (SurinameEnglish and Dutch) Papiamentu (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaà §aoPortuguese and Spanish) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the FutureConnotations of 35 Words for Funny PeopleSentence Adverbs

The Scrum Methodology †Current Issues in Information Systems Essay

The Scrum Methodology – Current Issues in Information Systems Essay Free Online Research Papers The Scrum Methodology Current Issues in Information Systems Essay Scrum is a project management technique used primarily in software development. Scrum adopts its name from a rugby term where players huddle together to move the ball forward up the field while pushing against the other team in the same formation. This comparison is quite natural because the scrum style of management is very team centric as apposed to more traditional forms of management that rely on continuous approval and directions from a single team lead. Managers who engage a team with this type of project must be very hands off. This is to allow the team to delegate pieces of the projects internally as well as manage all other areas of the project as a single unit. Although Scrum is termed an agile method it differs in that agile typically refers to a programming methodology and not a management style. For example, XP, Extreme Programming is a good example of a typical agile method. Scrum is more a management style then it is a programming methodology because Scrum is less concerned with how the tasks get accomplished as it is with when the tasks get accomplished. This moves the spotlight more towards organization and the division of work to meet deadlines and away from other concerns like the language used for the project. Thus getting away from how the programmer chooses to meet that deadline and more on how the team accomplishes its own goal. Scrum teams typically consist of 7-8 members all with varying skills depending on the project. The theory behind Scrum suggests that because the team is small and does not require immediate management their production levels will elevate because they will feel more ownership to the product. This type of style also allows for those individuals who are more self motivated to work on areas of a project that are not considered their forte. This further supports the idea that a happy, contributing worker will generate more production then one who is simply highly paid. In an article by Robert L. Read entitled How to be a Programmer he argues that â€Å"It is a wonderful and surprising fact that programmers are highly motivated by the desire to create artifacts that are beautiful, useful, or nifty.† Read is touching on an ongoing discussion found in many programming forums and that is whether or not programming is a science or an art. If one leans more toward the art aspect it easy to see why Scrum would probably work best for that individual. The work loads in scrum are broken into time frames called Sprints. Sprints are typically allocated in one month periods. Sprints focus on a single deliverable thus making progress easy to see and give the client a regular monthly update. Within the Sprint the team has regular and meaningful project updates with one another on a daily basis. These meetings are also called Scrums because they are at the core of this style. During this meeting it is very important that a clear understanding of progress is given for management review but also it is equally important for the team to escalate any issues that require management’s intervention. Because the Sprint is only one month there is no time for getting lost in bureaucratic processes or red tape. In so many ways this would just defeat the entire purpose of the Scrum style of management. Scrum depends on reliable and self motivated team members with excellent communication skills. Managers are in place as enablers to problems and not as micromanagers. This concept is quite foreign to many teams that are new to this methodology and surely has caused many blank stares at initial meetings. However, Scrum is proving to be an excellent tool for motivating and maintaining employee moral. Research Papers on The Scrum Methodology - Current Issues in Information Systems EssayThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneThe Hockey GameBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThree Concepts of PsychodynamicDefinition of Export QuotasThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

HUMAN AGENCY AND COMMUNITY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD Term Paper

HUMAN AGENCY AND COMMUNITY IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD - Term Paper Example The human individual has to face different social events that are continuously influencing many aspects of his or her community. Humans, as agents of social modification and development, face the challenges of world events. Through the presence of globalization, people become more aware of different views and ways of life while being vulnerable to being engulfed by such new ideas. They are susceptible to incorporating new perspective in their practice. Thus, the human individual as social agent has a big role in restructuring or maintaining the norms and traditions of his or her society. In this paper, an exploration will be presented about how a human individual in a globalized world setting is acting upon the events and changes happening in his or her society. In light to the discussion, narratives from Ha Jin’s book will be studied focusing on the issues of changing societies and human individuality. Two instances of globalization from Ha Jin’s book will be discussed and will be examined using Amartya Sen’s and Kwame Anthony Appiah’s comments and discussions in connection with globalization and the status of human individual in the global community. ... One instance of globalization that is illustrated in the book is that of the situation of the narrator in the ‘An Entrepreneur Story’ where he experienced how money and capitalism influences many things in the world (Ha 116-126), if not all. In this example, capitalism as used by international community as political and economic strategy is being projected in the narrator’s thoughts and intention. Generally, capitalism becomes central to the theme of the story. The implicit and explicit conditions of people in a nearly capitalist community as influenced by world economic politics are depicted. Another event in the book where implications of globalization can be found is that of the story of a man in the title story. The story narrating about a man named Baowen, a husband, (Ha 91) arrested because of the ‘crimes’ of homosexuality is quite surprising. In the story, homosexuality is viewed to be like an illness that needs clinical cure. In here, we see h ow myths about the matter are being shown implying the deep-rooted political and social factors influencing it. This instance is also related to the outside phenomenon happening outside the setting’s local community. In the global society, certain views and modifications about the issue of gender and homosexuality have circulated and startled people from different parts of the world. This matter is just one of the prominent issues talked about in the international communities. Thus, it is apparent that the characters in the story, representing ‘the human individuals’ in the community, are affected by the circulating views and perspectives introduced by globalization. In reading Ha Jin’s stories, particularly those instances

Controlling Factor of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Controlling Factor of Management - Essay Example These factors include the need for accountability in organizations, the need to detect environmental changes that significantly affect organizations, the growing complexity of present day organizations and the need to identify operational errors in organizations to avoid incurring excessive costs. In addition to addressing the above mentioned factors, controlling plays an important role in helping managers detect irregularities, identify opportunities, handle complex situations, decentralize authority, minimize costs, and cope with uncertainty. Coping with Uncertainty - In today's turbulent business environment, all organizations must cope with change. When organization goals are established, they are based on the knowledge available at that point of time. However, by the time the goals are accomplished, many changes may have occurred in the organization or its environment. An improperly designed control system, however, may result in poor organizational performance. Detecting Irregularities - Control system help managers detect undesirable irregularities, such as product defects, cost overruns, or rising personnel turnover. Although small mistakes and errors may not seriously damage the financial health of an organization, they may accumulate and become very serious over time. Early detection of such irregularities can prevent minor problems from mushrooming into major ones and often save a great deal of time is money for the organization. Example: A large radar detector manufacturer in the US named Whistler Corporation once faced with such rapidly escalating demand that it stopped giving attention to quality. This led to a rise in the defect rate from 4% to 9% to 15 % and finally, to 25%. A manager observed that 100 out of 250 employees of the company were spending all their time fixing defective units and that an inventory worth $2 million was still awaiting repair. Had the company detected the defects and rectified them early, the problem would never have increased to such proportions. Problems such as missing important deadlines or selling faulty merchandise to customers are sometimes difficult to rectify. Identifying aberrations in the early stages helps organizations avoid such problems. Identifying Opportunities - Control also helps managers identify areas in which things are going better than expected, thereby alerting management to possible future opportunities. For example, division managers at the St. Louis-based May Department stores prepare and generate monthly reports that specify the items that have high demand and the amount of money those items are generating. On the basis of these reports, the chain develops successful merchandising strategies for all its stores like what to buy, which vendors to buy from, and how to display the merchandise etc. Handling Complex Situations - Another important factor contributing to the need for a control mechanism is that growing complexity of today's organizations. When a company requires only on kind of raw material, produces only one kind of product has a simple organization design, and enjoys constant demand for its products, it can afford to have a very basic and simple system of control. But, as organizations grow or engage in producing many products from a number of different raw materials, and operate in a large market area with many competitors, efficient and

Critique paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique paper - Essay Example For instance, Charles Krauthammer considers the climate being a ‘settled science’ as mythical. He criticizes Barrack Obama and other leading scientists for selling this idea. In the article, â€Å"The Myth of ‘Settled Science’, Krauthammer mainly argues that the issue has been hyped by propaganda and fallacies of certain scientists and global politicians. To be specific, Charles Krauthammer does not deny that global climate alteration is a solemn problem that requires immediate solution. Neither does he denies the global warming problem. His argument is that climate change is not a ‘settled science’ as presented by Barrack Obama and the likes. He finds nothing scientific in this idea because science is neither static nor impervious to challenge. He uses an example of mammograms that was assumed ‘settled’ to reduce deaths due to breast cancer to an extent that Obamacare made it a mandatory requirements. However, few years later a massive research study of 90,000 randomized women showed that mammograms have no effect on breast cancer deaths. In this article, Charles Krauthammer presents a real and factual analysis of the global climate change situation. He articulately uses the ‘settledness’ to present his arguments in the most truest sense. He uses this to word to show that climate change is not a ‘settled science.’ Despite the depth of the problem, there are rooms for change of ideas as the world get to learn more about climate change and its solution (McGann, 1983). Secondly, Krauthammer uses the word ‘mock’ to show the fallacies of the global politicians and some scientists. In essence, he mocks the world’s idea of dealing with the climate change by not providing real solution but rather relying on some models, which are deemed to change with time. Although Charles Krauthammer presents very passionate arguments against making the climate

The hydration step Essay Example for Free

The hydration step Essay Oxidation is the major pathway for the catabolism of saturated fatty acids. It involves the successive removal of two-carbon fragments from the carboxyl end of the fatty acyl CoA (Champe, Harvey, Ferrier, 2005). The first three steps of this ? -oxidation spiral are the following (Murray, Granner, Mayes, Rodwell, 2000): Dehydrogenation or oxidation – the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the 2(? )- and 3(? )-carbon atoms, catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, yielding 1 FADH2; Hydration – the addition of water to saturate the double bond, forming 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, catalyzed by ? 2-enoyl-CoA hydrase (also known as enoyl-CoA hydratase); and Dehydrogenation or oxidation – a further dehydrogenation on the 3-carbon, catalyzed by the enzyme L(+)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, producing 1 NADH. The end-products of this pathway, after a few more steps and successive reentry of acyl-CoA into the cycle, are acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH2. The citric acid cycle is the energy-producing pathway â€Å"where the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids converge, their carbon skeletons being converted to CO2 and H2O† (Champe, Harvey, Ferrier, 2005). Although it is technically a cycle, the â€Å"last† three steps are identified as follows (Murray, Granner, Mayes, Rodwell, 2000): Dehydrogenation or oxidation – succinate, in the presence of FAD, is converted by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase into fumarate and FADH2; Hydration – the addition of water to fumarate to produce L-malate, catalyzed by fumarate hydratase (also known as fumarase); and Dehydrogenation or oxidation – the conversion of malate and NAD+ by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase to oxaloacetate, NADH and H+. The chemical conversions involved in the citric acid cycle that eventually produce carbon dioxide and water generate a form of energy that is usable by aerobic organisms (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle). Obviously, the first three steps of the ? -oxidation pathway and the last three steps of the citric acid cycle involve the same reactions. Both occur in the mitochondria of the cell. In both cycles, the first dehydrogenation (also called oxidation, depending on the source) involves a flavoprotein coenzyme with a FAD prosthetic group, and FADH2 is thus yielded. The hydration step in ? -oxidation and the citric acid cycle involve hydratase enzymes. The second dehydrogenation step in both cycles require the NAD+ coenzyme and produce NADH + H+. That having been said, the main difference between these otherwise similar reactions is that they have different substrates and yield different products. The last step in the ? -oxidation pathway is the splitting of ? -ketoacyl-CoA by the enzyme ? -ketothiolase (http://themedicalbiochemistrypage. org/fatty-acid-oxidation. html). This reaction produces an acyl-CoA derivative that contains two carbons less than the original acyl-CoA molecule that that underwent oxidation, as well as acetyl-CoA. The acyl-CoA thus formed reenters the ? -oxidation spiral, while the acetyl-CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and water through the citric acid cycle. The first step of the citric acid cycle is the initial condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate to form citrate, in a reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase (Murray, Granner, Mayes, Rodwell, 2000). A carbon-to-carbon bond is created between the methyl group of acetyl-CoA and the carbonyl carbon of oxaloacetate. Acetyl-CoA transfers its two-carbon acetyl group to oxaloacetate, which initially contains four carbons, and a six-carbon molecule is then formed as citrate (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle). Both reactions involve acetyl-CoA. However, acetyl-CoA is the product in ? -oxidation, whereas it is one of the substrates in the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A is required in the last step of ? -oxidation, whereas it is one of the by-products in the first step of the citric acid cycle. Finally, in ? -oxidation, two carbons are removed per cycle, whereas the citric acid cycle involves the addition of two carbons. References Champe, P. C. , Harvey, R. A. , Ferrier, D. R. (2005). Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry. Philadelphia: Lippincott Wiliams Wilkins. Citric Acid Cycle. (2008). In Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 7, 2008, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Citric_acid_cycle Fatty Acid Oxidation. (2008). In The Medical Biochemistry Page. Retrieved October 7, 2008, from: http://themedicalbiochemistrypage. org/fatty-acid-oxidation. html Murray, R. K. , Granner, D. K. , Mayes, P. A. , Rodwell, V. W. (2000). Harper’s Biochemistry (25th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Free Color Purple Essays: It Was the Worst of Times :: Color Purple Essays

The Color Purple Essay: It Was the Worst of Times The book The Color Purple was written by Alice Walker.   The book was not written in a conventional manner.   It was a series of letters spanning the life of Celie, the main character.   Most of the letters were written by Celie and some by her sister Nettie.   The theme of the book is to be true to yourself in spite of difficulties and never let go of what you believe in.   Do not let people make you think you are something that you are not, then you have the will to survive during the worst of times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Color Purple is about Celie’s life.   In the beginning of the novel, we learn that Celie was raped by her father.   We also learn that Celie’s mother is ill and is unable to take care of the family.   Celie is forced to cook and clean for her family.   Celie conceived two children because of her father’s continuous raping.   She never sees her children and believes that her father killed them.   A man from town wanted to take Celie’s sister Nettie as a wife, but her father convinces the man to take Celie instead.   Celie is now forced to marry an older man who already has children.   Celie’s husband constantly beats and rapes her without any remorse.   He even made Celie nurse Shug Avery, his mistress, when she was ill.   It is now that Celie learns from Shug Avery about love.   Shug Avery encourages Celie not to take the abuse from her husband anymore and that she deserves bette r.   Celie would finally leave her husband when she found out that he kept her sister’s letters from her.   Nettie was the sole reason why Celie had managed to survive.   Celie could not tolerate any more abuse and left with Shug Avery and Mary Agnes.   Mary Agnes was Celie’s stepson’s mistress.   Celie eventually meets up with Nettie and her two children whom she believed to be dead.   She than goes back to her husband who has drastically changed since Shug Avery and Celie left.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This novel was set in the early 1900’s.   During this time, the black people were oppressed by white people.   They were abused and taken advantage of.   Not only were the black people were oppressed but also women were oppressed.   They had little freedom and were unable to be self-sufficient.